Protocols and Volatiles

[chrisrink10]

Support Protocols and Volatiles fully.

Protocols can be created via (defprotocol Proto) and are stored as regular maps in the Var designated by Proto. All type-making forms should support Protocols directly.

Protocol support is buoyed by a few small compiler level changes. First, the compiler now statically computes the set of arities for a function (integers and the keyword :rest for the variadic method) and attaches them to the function via the .arities attribute. Secondly, the compiler attempts to statically check Protocol interface definitions by accessing the interface located at (:interface proto) (though can always fall back to the runtime check if required).

All of the builtin collection types have had their MROs switched to place their corresponding collection interface highest in the method resolution order. This is critical for allowing the interface-matching capabilities of functools.singledispatch to work in the most natural way for users in the event that a collection type matches multiple interfaces in the MRO.

basilisp.walk was updated to use a protocol IWalkable both the validate that Protocols work and in the hopes that Protocol dispatch would be faster than the existing type which ran through a linear list of type checks to dispatch each nested invocation.

Fixes #389
Fixes #426