GH Actions portability workflows: Use SAGE_FAT_BINARY=yes

[mkoeppe]

This will make the 2-stage builds from #33062 more robust (see #33816 comment:60) and will make the
devcontainer feature based on the portability images (https://trac.sagemath.org/wiki/ReleaseTours/sage-9.7#VisualStudioCodedevcontainers) more useful.

CC: @dimpase @tobiasdiez @jhpalmieri

Component: porting

Author: Matthias Koeppe

Branch/Commit: 9696b34

Reviewer: Dima Pasechnik

Issue created by migration from https://trac.sagemath.org/ticket/34572

[mkoeppe]

Branch: u/mkoeppe/gh_actions_portability_workflows__use_sage_fat_binary_yes

[mkoeppe]

New commits:

9696b34

.github/workflows/docker.yml: Use EXTRA_CONFIGURE_ARGS=--enable-fat-binary

[mkoeppe]

Author: Matthias Koeppe

[mkoeppe]

Commit: 9696b34

[mkoeppe]

comment:3

The sporadic SIGILLs in stage standard are gone - https://github.com/mkoeppe/sage/actions/runs/3251926884

[dimpase]

comment:4

OK

[dimpase]

Reviewer: Dima Pasechnik

[mkoeppe]

comment:5

Thanks!

[vbraun]

Changed branch from u/mkoeppe/gh_actions_portability_workflows__use_sage_fat_binary_yes to 9696b34