[9.x] Refactor ExceptionHandler render method

[seriquynh]

What is the problem?

For years, a bunch of features such as render check and Responsable check have been added to the ExcepionHandler render method. The latest thing is render callbacks registration. Because of them, the ExcepionHandler render method becomes giant and messy. I think it's time to refactor this method, so it will be easier to read and maintain.

What do I do?

In this MR, I've done three things:

1. Remove a few useless else statements.
2. Replace a few checks by match expressions.
3. Separate logic into smaller methods.

How is it improved?

The ExcepionHandler render method now has a clear logic in this order:

1. Return if the given exception defines render method that returns a not null result.
2. Return if the given exception implements Responsable interface.
3. Convert the given exception into our expected exception before continue the rest logic.
4. Return if developers handle the given exception inside their render callbacks.
5. Handle other cases such as authentication and validation or return the default response if any.

This is a quick overview of the final method:

class Handler
{
    public function render($request, Throwable $e)
    {
        if (method_exists($e, 'render') && $response = $e->render($request)) {
            return Router::toResponse($request, $response);
        }

        if ($e instanceof Responsable) {
            return $e->toResponse($request);
        }

        $e = $this->prepareException($this->mapException($e));

        if ($response = $this->renderViaCallbacks($request, $e)) {
            return $response;
        }

        return match(true) {
            $e instanceof HttpResponseException => $e->getResponse(),
            $e instanceof AuthenticationException => $this->unauthenticated($request, $e),
            $e instanceof ValidationException => $this->convertValidationExceptionToResponse($e, $request),
            default => $this->renderExceptionResponse($request, $e),
        };
    }
}

[seriquynh]

1) Illuminate\Tests\Support\SupportHelpersTest::testRetryWithPassingSleepCallback
Failed asserting that 0.3255300521850586 matches expected 0.3.

D:\a\framework\framework\tests\Support\SupportHelpersTest.php:586

This failure isn't related to this MR. There is a problem with the retry function and windows platform. I test it on my windows laptop. It often passes but seldom fails. For example, run this test will result 9 passes and 1 failure.

[taylorotwell]

Thanks for contributing to Laravel! ❤️