chore: bump STM minor to 0.5.0

[jpraynaud]

Content

This PR includes the bump of the STM library to a new minor 0.5.0.

Pre-submit checklist

• Branch
  • Crates versions are updated (if relevant)
  • CHANGELOG file is updated (if relevant)
  • Commit sequence broadly makes sense
  • Key commits have useful messages
• PR
  • All check jobs of the CI have succeeded
  • Self-reviewed the diff
  • Useful pull request description
  • Reviewer requested

Issue(s)

Relates to #2625

[Copilot]

Pull Request Overview

This PR bumps the STM library from version 0.4.12 to a new minor version 0.5.0. This version bump follows previously deprecated structure names and functions that were marked for deprecation in version 0.4.9.

• Updates all deprecation annotations from version 0.4.9 to 0.5.0
• Updates the Cargo.toml version from 0.4.12 to 0.5.0
• Updates the CHANGELOG.md with the new version entry

Reviewed Changes

Copilot reviewed 13 out of 14 changed files in this pull request and generated 1 comment.

File	Description
mithril-stm/Cargo.toml	Updates package version from 0.4.12 to 0.5.0
mithril-stm/CHANGELOG.md	Adds new version 0.5.0 entry documenting the version bump
mithril-common/Cargo.toml	Updates mithril-stm dependency version constraint
multiple source files	Updates deprecation annotations from 0.4.9 to 0.5.0 across the codebase

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[github-actions]

Test Results

    4 files  ±0    164 suites  ±0   22m 50s ⏱️ +6s
2 180 tests ±0  2 180 ✅ ±0  0 💤 ±0  0 ❌ ±0 
6 702 runs  ±0  6 702 ✅ ±0  0 💤 ±0  0 ❌ ±0 

Results for commit a6a96fe. ± Comparison against base commit 959918d.

[turmelclem]

LGTM 👍