[SPARK-31578][R] Vectorize schema validation for arrow in types.R

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Repeated `sapply` avoided in internal `checkSchemaInArrow`

### Why are the changes needed?

Current implementation is doubly inefficient:

 1. Repeatedly doing the same (95%) `sapply` loop
 2. Doing scalar `==` on a vector (`==` should be done over the whole vector for efficiency)

### Does this PR introduce any user-facing change?

No

### How was this patch tested?

By my trusty friend the CI bots

Closes #28372 from MichaelChirico/vectorize-types.

Authored-by: Michael Chirico <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: HyukjinKwon <[email protected]>

Author: Michael Chirico

R/pkg/R/types.R

@@ -94,27 +94,22 @@ checkSchemaInArrow <- function(schema) {
   }
 
   # Both cases below produce a corrupt value for unknown reason. It needs to be investigated.
-  if (any(sapply(schema$fields(), function(x) x$dataType.toString() == "FloatType"))) {
+  field_strings <- sapply(schema$fields(), function(x) x$dataType.toString())
+  if (any(field_strings == "FloatType")) {
     stop("Arrow optimization in R does not support float type yet.")
   }
-  if (any(sapply(schema$fields(), function(x) x$dataType.toString() == "BinaryType"))) {
+  if (any(field_strings == "BinaryType")) {
     stop("Arrow optimization in R does not support binary type yet.")
   }
-  if (any(sapply(schema$fields(),
-                 function(x) startsWith(x$dataType.toString(),
-                 "ArrayType")))) {
+  if (any(startsWith(field_strings, "ArrayType"))) {
     stop("Arrow optimization in R does not support array type yet.")
   }
 
   # Arrow optimization in Spark does not yet support both cases below.
-  if (any(sapply(schema$fields(),
-                 function(x) startsWith(x$dataType.toString(),
-                 "StructType")))) {
+  if (any(startsWith(field_strings, "StructType"))) {
     stop("Arrow optimization in R does not support nested struct type yet.")
   }
-  if (any(sapply(schema$fields(),
-                 function(x) startsWith(x$dataType.toString(),
-                 "MapType")))) {
+  if (any(startsWith(field_strings, "MapType"))) {
     stop("Arrow optimization in R does not support map type yet.")
   }
 }