refactor(badge): rework to account for ivy changes

[crisbeto]

Ivy equivalent of #15555.

Reworks matBadge to account for Ivy setting static inputs before the view has been rendered out. This caused one of the tests to fail, because it relied on the view being in place when the content setter is called.

[ngbot]

I see that you just added the pr: merge ready label, but the following checks are still failing:
     status "ci/circleci: build_release_packages" is failing
     status "ci/circleci: lint" is failing
     status "ci/circleci: prerender_build" is failing
     status "ci/circleci: tests_browserstack" is failing
     status "ci/circleci: tests_local_browsers" is failing
     status "ci/circleci: tests_saucelabs" is failing
     missing required labels: target: *
     status "ci/circleci: api_golden_checks" is pending
     status "ci/circleci: bazel_build_test" is pending

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