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23 changes: 11 additions & 12 deletions data_structures/arrays/permutations.py
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,33 +1,32 @@
def permute(nums: list[int]) -> list[list[int]]:
def permute_iterative(nums: list[int]) -> list[list[int]]:
"""
Return all permutations.
>>> from itertools import permutations
>>> numbers= [1,2,3]
>>> all(list(nums) in permute(numbers) for nums in permutations(numbers))
True

>>> permute_backtrack([1, 2, 3])
[[1, 2, 3], [1, 3, 2], [2, 1, 3], [2, 3, 1], [3, 2, 1], [3, 1, 2]]
"""
result = []
result: list[list[int]] = []
if len(nums) == 1:
return [nums.copy()]
for _ in range(len(nums)):
n = nums.pop(0)
permutations = permute(nums)
permutations = permute_iterative(nums)
for perm in permutations:
perm.append(n)
result.extend(permutations)
nums.append(n)
return result


def permute2(nums):
def permute_backtrack(nums: list[int]) -> list[list[int]]:
"""
Return all permutations of the given list.

>>> permute2([1, 2, 3])
>>> permute_backtrack([1, 2, 3])
[[1, 2, 3], [1, 3, 2], [2, 1, 3], [2, 3, 1], [3, 2, 1], [3, 1, 2]]
"""

def backtrack(start):
def backtrack(start: int) -> None:
if start == len(nums) - 1:
output.append(nums[:])
else:
Expand All @@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ def backtrack(start):
backtrack(start + 1)
nums[start], nums[i] = nums[i], nums[start] # backtrack

output = []
output: list[list[int]] = []
backtrack(0)
return output

Expand All @@ -45,6 +44,6 @@ def backtrack(start):
import doctest

# use res to print the data in permute2 function
res = permute2([1, 2, 3])
res = permute_backtrack([1, 2, 3])
print(res)
doctest.testmod()