Refactor arithmetic_analysis/newton_raphson to not use eval

[CaedenPH]

What would you like to share?

https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/newton_raphson.py#L28
The newton raphson function uses eval, which is flagged by ruff here
https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/actions/runs/5515973175/jobs/10056851168?pr=8861

Additional information

Error: arithmetic_analysis/newton_raphson.py:28:3[5](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/actions/runs/5515973175/jobs/10056851168?pr=8861#step:4:6): S307 Use of possibly insecure function; consider using `ast.literal_eval`
Error: arithmetic_analysis/newton_raphson.py:28:57: S307 Use of possibly insecure function; consider using `ast.literal_eval`
Error: arithmetic_analysis/newton_raphson.py:30:1[6](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/actions/runs/5515973175/jobs/10056851168?pr=8861#step:4:7): S307 Use of possibly insecure function; consider using `ast.literal_eval

[rohan472000]

I tried using ast.literal_eval() but getting error, as all doctest failed

      ValueError: malformed node or string on line 1: <ast.Call object at 0x00000240A44AC280>

after some search I came to know that the ast.literal_eval function is designed to evaluate Python literals or valid Python expressions, but it cannot directly handle mathematical functions or expressions involving variables like x.

look into PR #8867 .

[cclauss]

CONTRIBUTING.md says:

Do not create an issue to contribute an algorithm. Please submit a pull request instead.