Cache Dask arrays created from NetCDFDataProxys to speed up loading files with multiple variables

docs/src/whatsnew/latest.rst

@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ This document explains the changes made to Iris for this release
 🚀 Performance Enhancements
 ===========================
 
-#. `@bouweandela`_ made loading :class:`~iris.cube.Cube`s from small NetCDF
-   files faster. (:pull:`6229`)
+#. `@bouweandela`_ made loading :class:`~iris.cube.Cube`s from NetCDF files
+   faster. (:pull:`6229` and :pull:`6252`)
 
 #. `@fnattino`_ enabled lazy cube interpolation using the linear and
    nearest-neighbour interpolators (:class:`iris.analysis.Linear` and

lib/iris/_lazy_data.py

@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@
 import numpy as np
 import numpy.ma as ma
 
+MAX_CACHE_SIZE = 100
+"""Maximum number of Dask arrays to cache."""
+
 
 def non_lazy(func):
     """Turn a lazy function into a function that returns a result immediately."""
@@ -202,6 +205,7 @@ def _optimum_chunksize_internals(
                 dim = working[0]
                 working = working[1:]
             result.append(dim)
+        result = tuple(result)
 
     return result
 
@@ -227,6 +231,33 @@ def _optimum_chunksize(
     )
 
 
+class LRUCache:
+    def __init__(self, maxsize: int) -> None:
+        self._cache: dict = {}
+        self.maxsize = maxsize
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        value = self._cache.pop(key)
+        self._cache[key] = value
+        return value
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        self._cache[key] = value
+        if len(self._cache) > self.maxsize:
+            self._cache.pop(next(iter(self._cache)))
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return key in self._cache
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return (
+            f"<{self.__class__.__name__} maxsize={self.maxsize} cache={self._cache!r} >"
+        )
+
+
+CACHE = LRUCache(MAX_CACHE_SIZE)
+
+
 def as_lazy_data(data, chunks=None, asarray=False, meta=None, dims_fixed=None):
     """Convert the input array `data` to a :class:`dask.array.Array`.
 
@@ -264,6 +295,8 @@ def as_lazy_data(data, chunks=None, asarray=False, meta=None, dims_fixed=None):
     but reduced by a factor if that exceeds the dask default chunksize.
 
     """
+    from iris.fileformats.netcdf._thread_safe_nc import NetCDFDataProxy
+
     if isinstance(data, ma.core.MaskedConstant):
         data = ma.masked_array(data.data, mask=data.mask)
 
@@ -277,7 +310,7 @@ def as_lazy_data(data, chunks=None, asarray=False, meta=None, dims_fixed=None):
         if chunks is None:
             # No existing chunks : Make a chunk the shape of the entire input array
             # (but we will subdivide it if too big).
-            chunks = list(data.shape)
+            chunks = tuple(data.shape)
 
         # Adjust chunk size for better dask performance,
         # NOTE: but only if no shape dimension is zero, so that we can handle the
@@ -291,9 +324,24 @@ def as_lazy_data(data, chunks=None, asarray=False, meta=None, dims_fixed=None):
                 dims_fixed=dims_fixed,
             )
 
-    if not is_lazy_data(data):
-        data = da.from_array(data, chunks=chunks, asarray=asarray, meta=meta)
-    return data
+    # Define a cache key for caching arrays created from NetCDFDataProxy objects.
+    # Creating new Dask arrays is relatively slow, therefore caching is beneficial
+    # if many cubes in the same file share coordinate arrays.
+    if isinstance(data, NetCDFDataProxy):
+        key = (repr(data), chunks, asarray, meta.dtype, type(meta))
+    else:
+        key = None
+
+    if is_lazy_data(data):
+        result = data
+    elif key in CACHE:
+        result = CACHE[key].copy()
+    else:
+        result = da.from_array(data, chunks=chunks, asarray=asarray, meta=meta)
+        if key is not None:
+            CACHE[key] = result.copy()
+
+    return result
 
 
 def _co_realise_lazy_arrays(arrays):

lib/iris/tests/unit/lazy_data/test_as_lazy_data.py

@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ def test_default_chunks_limiting(self, mocker):
         as_lazy_data(data)
         assert limitcall_patch.call_args_list == [
             mock.call(
-                list(test_shape),
+                tuple(test_shape),
                 shape=test_shape,
                 dtype=np.dtype("f4"),
                 dims_fixed=None,

lib/iris/tests/unit/lazy_data/test_lrucache.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Copyright Iris contributors
+#
+# This file is part of Iris and is released under the BSD license.
+# See LICENSE in the root of the repository for full licensing details.
+"""Test function :func:`iris._lazy data.LRUCache`."""
+
+from iris._lazy_data import LRUCache
+
+
+def test_lrucache():
+    cache = LRUCache(2)
+
+    cache["a"] = 1
+
+    assert "a" in cache
+    assert cache["a"] == 1
+
+    cache["b"] = 2
+    cache["c"] = 3
+
+    assert "a" not in cache
+    assert "b" in cache
+    assert "c" in cache
+
+    assert str(cache) == "<LRUCache maxsize=2 cache={'b': 2, 'c': 3} >"