Adding distributed pipeline parallel tutorial

Author: Shen Li

_static/img/thumbnails/cropped/Distributed-Pipeline-Parallelism-Using-RPC.png

@@ -332,6 +332,13 @@ Welcome to PyTorch Tutorials
    :link: intermediate/rpc_param_server_tutorial.html
    :tags: Parallel-and-Distributed-Training
 
+.. customcarditem::
+   :header: Distributed Pipeline Parallelism Using RPC
+   :card_description: Demonstrate how to implement distributed pipeline parallelism using RPC
+   :image: _static/img/thumbnails/cropped/Distributed-Pipeline-Parallelism-Using-RPC.png
+   :link: intermediate/dist_pipeline_parallel_tutorial.html
+   :tags: Parallel-and-Distributed-Training
+
 .. End of tutorial card section
 
 .. raw:: html
@@ -497,3 +504,4 @@ Additional Resources
    intermediate/rpc_tutorial
    beginner/aws_distributed_training_tutorial
    intermediate/rpc_param_server_tutorial
+   intermediate/dist_pipeline_parallel_tutorial

index.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+Distributed Pipeline Parallelism Using RPC
+==========================================
+**Author**: `Shen Li <https://mrshenli.github.io/>`_
+
+Prerequisite:
+
+-  `Single-Machine Model Parallel Best Practices <https://pytorch.org/tutorials/intermediate/model_parallel_tutorial.html>`__
+-  `Getting started with Distributed RPC Framework <https://pytorch.org/tutorials/intermediate/rpc_tutorial.html>`__
+-  RRef helper functions: `RRef.rpc_sync() <https://pytorch.org/docs/master/rpc.html#torch.distributed.rpc.RRef.rpc_sync>`__,
+    `RRef.rpc_async() <https://pytorch.org/docs/master/rpc.html#torch.distributed.rpc.RRef.rpc_async>`__, and
+    `RRef.remote() <https://pytorch.org/docs/master/rpc.html#torch.distributed.rpc.RRef.remote>`__
+
+
+This tutorial uses a Resnet50 model to demonstrate implementing distributed
+pipeline parallelism with `torch.distributed.rpc <https://pytorch.org/docs/master/rpc.html>`__
+APIs. This can be viewed as the distributed counterpart of the multi-GPU
+pipeline parallelism discussed in
+`Single-Machine Model Parallel Best Practices <model_parallel_tutorial.html>`_.
+
+
+Basics
+------
+
+
+The previous tutorial, `Getting Started with Distributed RPC Framework <rpc_tutorial.html>`_
+shows how to use `torch.distributed.rpc <https://pytorch.org/docs/master/rpc.html>`_
+to implement distributed model parallelism for an RNN model. That tutorial uses
+one GPU to host the ``EmbeddingTable``, and the provided code works fine.
+However, if a model lives on multiple GPUs, it would require some extra steps to
+increase the amortized utilization of all GPUs. Pipeline parallelism is one type
+of paradigm that can help in this case.
+
+In this tutorial, we use ``ResNet50`` as an example model which is also used by
+the `Single-Machine Model Parallel Best Practices <model_parallel_tutorial.html>`_
+tutorial. Similarly, the ``ResNet50`` model is divided into two shards and
+the input batch is partitioned into multiple splits and fed into the two model
+shards in a pipelined fashion. The difference is that, instead of parallelizing
+the execution using CUDA streams, this tutorial invokes asynchronous RPCs. So,
+the solution presented in this tutorial also works across machine boundaries.
+The remainder of this tutorial presents the implementation in four steps.
+
+
+
+Step 1: Partition ResNet50 Model
+--------------------------------
+
+This is the preparation step which implements ``ResNet50`` in two model shards.
+The code below is borrowed from the
+`ResNet implementation in torchvision <https://github.com/pytorch/vision/blob/7c077f6a986f05383bcb86b535aedb5a63dd5c4b/torchvision/models/resnet.py#L124>`_.
+The ``ResNetBase`` module contains the common building blocks and attributes for
+the two ResNet shards.
+
+
+.. code:: python
+    import threading
+
+    import torch
+    import torch.nn as nn
+
+    from torchvision.models.resnet import Bottleneck
+
+    num_classes = 1000
+
+
+    def conv1x1(in_planes, out_planes, stride=1):
+        return nn.Conv2d(in_planes, out_planes, kernel_size=1, stride=stride, bias=False)
+
+
+    class ResNetBase(nn.Module):
+        def __init__(self, block, inplanes, num_classes=1000,
+                    groups=1, width_per_group=64, norm_layer=None):
+            super(ResNetBase, self).__init__()
+
+            self._lock = threading.Lock()
+            self._block = block
+            self._norm_layer = nn.BatchNorm2d
+            self.inplanes = inplanes
+            self.dilation = 1
+            self.groups = groups
+            self.base_width = width_per_group
+
+        def _make_layer(self, planes, blocks, stride=1):
+            norm_layer = self._norm_layer
+            downsample = None
+            previous_dilation = self.dilation
+            if stride != 1 or self.inplanes != planes * self._block.expansion:
+                downsample = nn.Sequential(
+                    conv1x1(self.inplanes, planes * self._block.expansion, stride),
+                    norm_layer(planes * self._block.expansion),
+                )
+
+            layers = []
+            layers.append(self._block(self.inplanes, planes, stride, downsample, self.groups,
+                                    self.base_width, previous_dilation, norm_layer))
+            self.inplanes = planes * self._block.expansion
+            for _ in range(1, blocks):
+                layers.append(self._block(self.inplanes, planes, groups=self.groups,
+                                        base_width=self.base_width, dilation=self.dilation,
+                                        norm_layer=norm_layer))
+
+            return nn.Sequential(*layers)
+
+        def parameter_rrefs(self):
+            return [RRef(p) for p in self.parameters()]
+
+
+Now, we are ready to define the two model shards. For the constructor, we
+simply split all ResNet50 layers into two parts and move each part into the
+provided device. The ``forward`` functions of both shards take an ``RRef`` of
+the input data, fetch the data locally, and then move it to the expected device.
+After applying all layers to the input, it moves the output to CPU and returns.
+It is because the RPC API requires tensors to reside on CPU to avoid invalid
+device errors when the numbers of devices in the caller and the callee do not
+match.
+
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    class ResNetShard1(ResNetBase):
+        def __init__(self, device, *args, **kwargs):
+            super(ResNetShard1, self).__init__(
+                Bottleneck, 64, num_classes=num_classes, *args, **kwargs)
+
+            self.device = device
+            self.seq = nn.Sequential(
+                nn.Conv2d(3, self.inplanes, kernel_size=7, stride=2, padding=3, bias=False),
+                self._norm_layer(self.inplanes),
+                nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
+                nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1),
+                self._make_layer(64, 3),
+                self._make_layer(128, 4, stride=2)
+            ).to(self.device)
+
+            for m in self.modules():
+                if isinstance(m, nn.Conv2d):
+                    nn.init.kaiming_normal_(m.weight, mode='fan_out', nonlinearity='relu')
+                elif isinstance(m, nn.BatchNorm2d):
+                    nn.init.constant_(m.weight, 1)
+                    nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0)
+
+        def forward(self, x_rref):
+            x = x_rref.to_here().to(self.device)
+            with self._lock:
+                out =  self.seq(x)
+            return out.cpu()
+
+
+    class ResNetShard2(ResNetBase):
+        def __init__(self, device, *args, **kwargs):
+            super(ResNetShard2, self).__init__(
+                Bottleneck, 512, num_classes=num_classes, *args, **kwargs)
+
+            self.device = device
+            self.seq = nn.Sequential(
+                self._make_layer(256, 6, stride=2),
+                self._make_layer(512, 3, stride=2),
+                nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1, 1)),
+            ).to(self.device)
+
+            self.fc =  nn.Linear(512 * self._block.expansion, num_classes).to(self.device)
+
+        def forward(self, x_rref):
+            x = x_rref.to_here().to(self.device)
+            with self._lock:
+                out = self.fc(torch.flatten(self.seq(x), 1))
+            return out.cpu()
+
+
+Step 2: Stitch ResNet50 Model Shards Into One Module
+----------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Then, we create a ``DistResNet50`` module to assemble the two shards and
+implement the pipeline parallel logic. In the constructor, we use two
+``rpc.remote`` calls to put the two shards on two different RPC workers
+respectively and hold on to the ``RRef`` to the two model parts so that they
+can be referenced in the forward pass.  The ``forward`` function
+splits the input batch into multiple micro-batches, and feeds these
+micro-batches to the two model parts in a pipelined fashion. It first uses an
+``rpc.remote`` call to apply the first shard to a micro-batch and then forwards
+the returned intermediate output ``RRef`` to the second model shard. After that,
+it collects the ``Future`` of all micro-outputs, and waits for all of them after
+the loop. Note that both ``remote()`` and ``rpc_async()`` return immediately and
+run asynchronously. Therefore, the entire loop is non-blocking, and will launch
+multiple RPCs concurrently. The execution order of one micro-batch on two model
+parts are preserved by intermediate output ``y_rref``. The execution order
+across micro-batches does not matter. In the end, the forward function
+concatenates outputs of all micro-batches into one single output tensor and
+returns. The ``parameter_rrefs`` function is a helper to
+simplify distributed optimizer construction, which will be used later.
+
+
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    class DistResNet50(nn.Module):
+        """
+        Assemble two parts as an nn.Module and define pipelining logic
+        """
+        def __init__(self, num_split, workers, *args, **kwargs):
+            super(DistResNet50, self).__init__()
+
+            self.num_split = num_split
+
+            # Put the first part of the ResNet50 on workers[0]
+            self.p1_rref = rpc.remote(
+                workers[0],
+                ResNetShard1,
+                args = ("cuda:0",) + args,
+                kwargs = kwargs
+            )
+
+            # Put the second part of the ResNet50 on workers[1]
+            self.p2_rref = rpc.remote(
+                workers[1],
+                ResNetShard2,
+                args = ("cuda:1",) + args,
+                kwargs = kwargs
+            )
+
+        def forward(self, xs):
+            out_futures = []
+            for x in iter(xs.split(self.split_size, dim=0)):
+                x_rref = RRef(x)
+                y_rref = self.p1_rref.remote().forward(x_rref)
+                z_fut = self.p2_rref.rpc_async().forward(y_rref)
+                out_futures.append(z_fut)
+
+            return torch.cat(torch.futures.wait_all(out_futures))
+
+        def parameter_rrefs(self):
+            remote_params = []
+            remote_params.extend(self.p1_rref.remote().parameter_rrefs().to_here())
+            remote_params.extend(self.p2_rref.remote().parameter_rrefs().to_here())
+            return remote_params
+
+
+Step 3: Define The Training Loop
+--------------------------------
+
+
+After defining the model, let us implement the training loop. We use a
+dedicated "master" worker to prepare random inputs and labels, and control the
+distributed backward pass and distributed optimizer step. It first creates an
+instance of the ``DistResNet50`` module. It specifies the number of
+micro-batches for each batch, and also provides the name of the two RPC workers
+(i.e., "worker1", and "worker2"). Then it defines the loss function and creates
+a ``DistributedOptimizer`` using the ``parameter_rrefs()`` helper to acquire a
+list of parameter ``RRefs``. Then, the main training loop is very similar to
+regular local training, except that it uses ``dist_autograd`` to launch
+backward and provides the ``context_id`` for both backward and optimizer
+``step()``.
+
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    import torch.distributed.autograd as dist_autograd
+    import torch.optim as optim
+    from torch.distributed.optim import DistributedOptimizer
+
+    num_batches = 3
+    batch_size = 120
+    image_w = 128
+    image_h = 128
+
+
+    def run_master(num_split):
+        # put the two model parts on worker1 and worker2 respectively
+        model = DistResNet50(num_split, ["worker1", "worker2"])
+        loss_fn = nn.MSELoss()
+        opt = DistributedOptimizer(
+            optim.SGD,
+            model.parameter_rrefs(),
+            lr=0.05,
+        )
+
+        one_hot_indices = torch.LongTensor(batch_size) \
+                            .random_(0, num_classes) \
+                            .view(batch_size, 1)
+
+        for i in range(num_batches):
+            print(f"Processing batch {i}")
+            # generate random inputs and labels
+            inputs = torch.randn(batch_size, 3, image_w, image_h)
+            labels = torch.zeros(batch_size, num_classes) \
+                        .scatter_(1, one_hot_indices, 1)
+
+            with dist_autograd.context() as context_id:
+                outputs = model(inputs)
+                dist_autograd.backward(context_id, [loss_fn(outputs, labels)])
+                opt.step(context_id)
+
+
+Step 4: Launch RPC Processes
+----------------------------
+
+
+Finally, the code below shows the target function for all processes. The main
+logic is defined in ``run_master``. The workers passively waiting for
+commands from the master, and hence simply runs ``init_rpc`` and ``shutdown``,
+where the ``shutdown`` by default will block until all RPC participants finish.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    import os
+    import time
+
+    import torch.multiprocessing as mp
+
+
+    def run_worker(rank, world_size, num_split):
+        os.environ['MASTER_ADDR'] = 'localhost'
+        os.environ['MASTER_PORT'] = '29500'
+        options = rpc.ProcessGroupRpcBackendOptions(num_send_recv_threads=128)
+
+        if rank == 0:
+            rpc.init_rpc(
+                "master",
+                rank=rank,
+                world_size=world_size,
+                rpc_backend_options=options
+            )
+            run_master(num_split)
+        else:
+            rpc.init_rpc(
+                f"worker{rank}",
+                rank=rank,
+                world_size=world_size,
+                rpc_backend_options=options
+            )
+            pass
+
+        # block until all rpcs finish
+        rpc.shutdown()
+
+
+    if __name__=="__main__":
+        world_size = 3
+        for num_split in [1, 2, 4, 8]:
+            tik = time.time()
+            mp.spawn(run_worker, args=(world_size, num_split), nprocs=world_size, join=True)
+            tok = time.time()
+            print(f"number of splits = {num_split}, execution time = {tok - tik}")
+
+
+The output below shows the speedup attained by increasing the number of splits
+in each batch.
+
+::
+
+    $ python main.py
+    Processing batch 0
+    Processing batch 1
+    Processing batch 2
+    number of splits = 1, execution time = 16.45062756538391
+    Processing batch 0
+    Processing batch 1
+    Processing batch 2
+    number of splits = 2, execution time = 12.329529762268066
+    Processing batch 0
+    Processing batch 1
+    Processing batch 2
+    number of splits = 4, execution time = 10.164430618286133
+    Processing batch 0
+    Processing batch 1
+    Processing batch 2
+    number of splits = 8, execution time = 9.076049566268921