diff --git a/.changeset/pretty-trainers-rhyme.md b/.changeset/pretty-trainers-rhyme.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ac91ac100d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/pretty-trainers-rhyme.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+"@primer/react": patch
+---
+
+ActionList: Fix bug that did not allow both inline and block description at the same time
diff --git a/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Inline-Description-dark-colorblind-linux.png b/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Inline-Description-dark-colorblind-linux.png
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diff --git a/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Inline-Description-dark-dimmed-linux.png b/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Inline-Description-dark-dimmed-linux.png
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diff --git a/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Inline-Description-dark-high-contrast-linux.png b/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Inline-Description-dark-high-contrast-linux.png
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diff --git a/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Inline-Description-dark-linux.png b/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Inline-Description-dark-linux.png
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diff --git a/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Inline-Description-dark-tritanopia-linux.png b/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Inline-Description-dark-tritanopia-linux.png
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diff --git a/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Inline-Description-light-colorblind-linux.png b/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Inline-Description-light-colorblind-linux.png
index e405bf18c67..ad822ecceb0 100644
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diff --git a/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Inline-Description-light-high-contrast-linux.png b/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Inline-Description-light-high-contrast-linux.png
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diff --git a/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Inline-Description-light-linux.png b/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Inline-Description-light-linux.png
index 5a85c2be797..964bc494b17 100644
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diff --git a/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Inline-Description-light-tritanopia-linux.png b/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Inline-Description-light-tritanopia-linux.png
index e405bf18c67..75c9dd2458b 100644
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diff --git a/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-dark-colorblind-linux.png b/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-dark-colorblind-linux.png
index 78db1bf3fbd..abef84c40af 100644
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diff --git a/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-dark-dimmed-linux.png b/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-dark-dimmed-linux.png
index b0778b1eaf4..1ed9cd1b9e3 100644
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diff --git a/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-dark-high-contrast-linux.png b/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-dark-high-contrast-linux.png
index a86c1417c5e..ad17432b616 100644
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diff --git a/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-dark-linux.png b/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-dark-linux.png
index 7fe52960dc9..89772f78161 100644
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diff --git a/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-dark-tritanopia-linux.png b/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-dark-tritanopia-linux.png
index 78db1bf3fbd..abef84c40af 100644
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diff --git a/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-light-colorblind-linux.png b/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-light-colorblind-linux.png
index 640f22417fe..eca1feb3806 100644
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diff --git a/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-light-high-contrast-linux.png b/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-light-high-contrast-linux.png
index 8f476e592ce..1131cccae0c 100644
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diff --git a/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-light-linux.png b/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-light-linux.png
index dab3620e85d..62cac07dde7 100644
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diff --git a/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-light-tritanopia-linux.png b/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-light-tritanopia-linux.png
index 640f22417fe..eca1feb3806 100644
Binary files a/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-light-tritanopia-linux.png and b/.playwright/snapshots/components/ActionList.test.ts-snapshots/ActionList-Text-Wrap-And-Truncation-light-tritanopia-linux.png differ
diff --git a/src/ActionList/Item.tsx b/src/ActionList/Item.tsx
index f7bde505817..97d3eaea55c 100644
--- a/src/ActionList/Item.tsx
+++ b/src/ActionList/Item.tsx
@@ -36,8 +36,10 @@ export const Item = React.forwardRef<HTMLLIElement, ActionListItemProps>(
     const [slots, childrenWithoutSlots] = useSlots(props.children, {
       leadingVisual: LeadingVisual,
       trailingVisual: TrailingVisual,
-      description: Description,
+      blockDescription: [Description, props => props.variant === 'block'],
+      inlineDescription: [Description, props => props.variant !== 'block'],
     })
+
     const {
       variant: listVariant,
       role: listRole,
@@ -204,10 +206,8 @@ export const Item = React.forwardRef<HTMLLIElement, ActionListItemProps>(
       onKeyPress: keyPressHandler,
       'aria-disabled': disabled ? true : undefined,
       tabIndex: disabled ? undefined : 0,
-      'aria-labelledby': `${labelId} ${
-        slots.description && slots.description.props.variant !== 'block' ? inlineDescriptionId : ''
-      }`,
-      'aria-describedby': slots.description?.props.variant === 'block' ? blockDescriptionId : undefined,
+      'aria-labelledby': `${labelId} ${slots.inlineDescription ? inlineDescriptionId : ''}`,
+      'aria-describedby': slots.blockDescription ? blockDescriptionId : undefined,
       ...(selectionAttribute && {[selectionAttribute]: selected}),
       role: role || itemRole,
       id: itemId,
@@ -235,26 +235,25 @@ export const Item = React.forwardRef<HTMLLIElement, ActionListItemProps>(
             >
               <ConditionalBox if={Boolean(slots.trailingVisual)} sx={{display: 'flex', flexGrow: 1}}>
                 <ConditionalBox
-                  if={!!slots.description && slots.description.props.variant !== 'block'}
+                  if={!!slots.inlineDescription}
                   sx={{display: 'flex', flexGrow: 1, alignItems: 'baseline', minWidth: 0}}
                 >
                   <Box
                     as="span"
                     id={labelId}
                     sx={{
-                      flexGrow: slots.description && slots.description.props.variant !== 'block' ? 0 : 1,
-                      fontWeight: slots.description ? 'bold' : 'normal',
-                      marginBlockEnd:
-                        slots.description && slots.description.props.variant !== 'inline' ? '4px' : undefined,
+                      flexGrow: slots.inlineDescription ? 0 : 1,
+                      fontWeight: slots.inlineDescription || slots.blockDescription ? 'bold' : 'normal',
+                      marginBlockEnd: slots.blockDescription ? '4px' : undefined,
                     }}
                   >
                     {childrenWithoutSlots}
                   </Box>
-                  {slots.description?.props.variant !== 'block' ? slots.description : null}
+                  {slots.inlineDescription}
                 </ConditionalBox>
                 {slots.trailingVisual}
               </ConditionalBox>
-              {slots.description?.props.variant === 'block' ? slots.description : null}
+              {slots.blockDescription}
             </Box>
           </ItemWrapper>
         </LiBox>
diff --git a/src/hooks/__tests__/useSlots.test.tsx b/src/hooks/__tests__/useSlots.test.tsx
index d491f90c475..3a71ad40f1f 100644
--- a/src/hooks/__tests__/useSlots.test.tsx
+++ b/src/hooks/__tests__/useSlots.test.tsx
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ import {renderHook} from '@testing-library/react-hooks'
 import React from 'react'
 import {useSlots} from '../useSlots'
 
-function TestComponentA(props: React.PropsWithChildren<unknown>) {
+type TestComponentAProps = React.PropsWithChildren<{variant?: 'a' | 'b'}>
+function TestComponentA(props: TestComponentAProps) {
   return <div {...props} />
 }
 
@@ -114,3 +115,35 @@ test('warns about duplicate slots', () => {
   `)
   expect(warnSpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
 })
+
+test('extracts elements based on condition in config object', () => {
+  const children = [
+    <TestComponentA key="a" variant="a" />,
+    <TestComponentA key="b" variant="b" />,
+    <div key="hello">Hello World</div>,
+  ]
+
+  const {result} = renderHook(() =>
+    useSlots(children, {
+      a: [TestComponentA, (props: TestComponentAProps) => props.variant === 'a'],
+      b: [TestComponentA, (props: TestComponentAProps) => props.variant === 'b'],
+    }),
+  )
+  expect(result.current).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    [
+      {
+        "a": <TestComponentA
+          variant="a"
+        />,
+        "b": <TestComponentA
+          variant="b"
+        />,
+      },
+      [
+        <div>
+          Hello World
+        </div>,
+      ],
+    ]
+  `)
+})
diff --git a/src/hooks/useSlots.ts b/src/hooks/useSlots.ts
index 8b432cc6b30..29aaed481af 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useSlots.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useSlots.ts
@@ -1,29 +1,48 @@
 import React from 'react'
 import {warning} from '../utils/warning'
 
+// slot config allows 2 options:
+// 1. Component to match, example: { leadingVisual: LeadingVisual }
+type ComponentMatcher = React.ElementType<Props>
+// 2. Component to match + a test function, example: { blockDescription: [Description, props => props.variant === 'block'] }
+type ComponentAndPropsMatcher = [ComponentMatcher, (props: Props) => boolean]
+
+export type SlotConfig = Record<string, ComponentMatcher | ComponentAndPropsMatcher>
+
+// We don't know what the props are yet, we set them later based on slot config
 // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
-export type SlotConfig = Record<string, React.ElementType<any>>
+type Props = any
 
-type SlotElements<Type extends SlotConfig> = {
-  [Property in keyof Type]: React.ReactElement<React.ComponentPropsWithoutRef<Type[Property]>, Type[Property]>
+type SlotElements<Config extends SlotConfig> = {
+  [Property in keyof Config]: SlotValue<Config, Property>
 }
 
+type SlotValue<Config, Property extends keyof Config> = Config[Property] extends React.ElementType // config option 1
+  ? React.ReactElement<React.ComponentPropsWithoutRef<Config[Property]>, Config[Property]>
+  : Config[Property] extends readonly [
+      infer ElementType extends React.ElementType, // config option 2, infer array[0] as component
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars
+      infer _testFn, // even though we don't use testFn, we need to infer it to support types for slots.*.props
+    ]
+  ? React.ReactElement<React.ComponentPropsWithoutRef<ElementType>, ElementType>
+  : never // useful for narrowing types, third option is not possible
+
 /**
  * Extract components from `children` so we can render them in different places,
  * allowing us to implement components with SSR-compatible slot APIs.
  * Note: We can only extract direct children, not nested ones.
  */
-export function useSlots<T extends SlotConfig>(
+export function useSlots<Config extends SlotConfig>(
   children: React.ReactNode,
-  config: T,
-): [Partial<SlotElements<T>>, React.ReactNode[]] {
+  config: Config,
+): [Partial<SlotElements<Config>>, React.ReactNode[]] {
   // Object mapping slot names to their elements
-  const slots: Partial<SlotElements<T>> = mapValues(config, () => undefined)
+  const slots: Partial<SlotElements<Config>> = mapValues(config, () => undefined)
 
   // Array of elements that are not slots
   const rest: React.ReactNode[] = []
 
-  const keys = Object.keys(config) as Array<keyof T>
+  const keys = Object.keys(config) as Array<keyof Config>
   const values = Object.values(config)
 
   // eslint-disable-next-line github/array-foreach
@@ -34,7 +53,12 @@ export function useSlots<T extends SlotConfig>(
     }
 
     const index = values.findIndex(value => {
-      return child.type === value
+      if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+        const [component, testFn] = value
+        return child.type === component && testFn(child.props)
+      } else {
+        return child.type === value
+      }
     })
 
     // If the child is not a slot, add it to the `rest` array
@@ -52,7 +76,8 @@ export function useSlots<T extends SlotConfig>(
     }
 
     // If the child is a slot, add it to the `slots` object
-    slots[slotKey] = child as React.ReactElement<React.ComponentPropsWithoutRef<T[keyof T]>, T[keyof T]>
+
+    slots[slotKey] = child as SlotValue<Config, keyof Config>
   })
 
   return [slots, rest]