@@ -1212,8 +1212,7 @@ cdef str period_format(int64_t value, int freq, object fmt=None):
12121212 elif freq_group == 4000 : # WK
12131213 left = period_asfreq(value, freq, 6000 , 0 )
12141214 right = period_asfreq(value, freq, 6000 , 1 )
1215- return ' %s /%s ' % (period_format(left, 6000 ),
1216- period_format(right, 6000 ))
1215+ return f" {period_format(left, 6000)}/{period_format(right, 6000)}"
12171216 elif (freq_group == 5000 # BUS
12181217 or freq_group == 6000 ): # DAY
12191218 fmt = b' %Y -%m -%d '
@@ -1230,7 +1229,7 @@ cdef str period_format(int64_t value, int freq, object fmt=None):
12301229 elif freq_group == 12000 : # NANOSEC
12311230 fmt = b' %Y -%m -%d %H :%M :%S .%n '
12321231 else :
1233- raise ValueError (f' Unknown freq: {freq}' )
1232+ raise ValueError (f" Unknown freq: {freq}" )
12341233
12351234 return _period_strftime(value, freq, fmt)
12361235
@@ -1276,15 +1275,15 @@ cdef str _period_strftime(int64_t value, int freq, bytes fmt):
12761275 if i == 0 :
12771276 repl = str (quarter)
12781277 elif i == 1 : # %f, 2-digit year
1279- repl = f' {(year % 100):02d}'
1278+ repl = f" {(year % 100):02d}"
12801279 elif i == 2 :
12811280 repl = str (year)
12821281 elif i == 3 :
1283- repl = f' {(value % 1_000):03d}'
1282+ repl = f" {(value % 1_000):03d}"
12841283 elif i == 4 :
1285- repl = f' {(value % 1_000_000):06d}'
1284+ repl = f" {(value % 1_000_000):06d}"
12861285 elif i == 5 :
1287- repl = f' {(value % 1_000_000_000):09d}'
1286+ repl = f" {(value % 1_000_000_000):09d}"
12881287
12891288 result = result.replace(str_extra_fmts[i], repl)
12901289
@@ -1392,7 +1391,7 @@ def get_period_field_arr(int code, int64_t[:] arr, int freq):
13921391
13931392 func = _get_accessor_func(code)
13941393 if func is NULL :
1395- raise ValueError (f' Unrecognized period code: {code}' )
1394+ raise ValueError (f" Unrecognized period code: {code}" )
13961395
13971396 sz = len (arr)
13981397 out = np.empty(sz, dtype = np.int64)
@@ -1579,8 +1578,8 @@ cdef class _Period:
15791578 freq = to_offset(freq)
15801579
15811580 if freq.n <= 0 :
1582- raise ValueError (f ' Frequency must be positive, because it '
1583- f' represents span: {freq.freqstr}' )
1581+ raise ValueError (" Frequency must be positive, because it "
1582+ f" represents span: {freq.freqstr}" )
15841583
15851584 return freq
15861585
@@ -1614,8 +1613,8 @@ cdef class _Period:
16141613 return NotImplemented
16151614 elif op == Py_NE:
16161615 return NotImplemented
1617- raise TypeError (f' Cannot compare type {type(self).__name__} '
1618- f' with type {type(other).__name__}' )
1616+ raise TypeError (f" Cannot compare type {type(self).__name__} "
1617+ f" with type {type(other).__name__}" )
16191618
16201619 def __hash__ (self ):
16211620 return hash ((self .ordinal, self .freqstr))
@@ -1633,8 +1632,8 @@ cdef class _Period:
16331632 if nanos % offset_nanos == 0 :
16341633 ordinal = self .ordinal + (nanos // offset_nanos)
16351634 return Period(ordinal = ordinal, freq = self .freq)
1636- raise IncompatibleFrequency(f ' Input cannot be converted to '
1637- f' Period(freq={self.freqstr})' )
1635+ raise IncompatibleFrequency(" Input cannot be converted to "
1636+ f" Period(freq={self.freqstr})" )
16381637 elif util.is_offset_object(other):
16391638 freqstr = other.rule_code
16401639 base = get_base_alias(freqstr)
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