diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index db4da419d8..dc47df85b7 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ delegate = "0.9.0"
 downcast-rs = "1.1.1"
 enum-map = "2.4.2"
 env_logger = "0.10.0"
+# We do not use this crate, but env_logger uses it. env_logger uses is_terminal 0.4.0. However, since 0.4.8, is_terminal requires Rust 1.63.
+# So we fix on 0.4.7 here. Once we bump our MSRV, we can remove this.
+is-terminal = "=0.4.7"
 itertools = "0.10.5"
 jemalloc-sys = { version = "0.5.3", features = ["disable_initial_exec_tls"], optional = true }
 lazy_static = "1.1"
diff --git a/src/plan/global.rs b/src/plan/global.rs
index 0a1dbb5f45..1340fffac2 100644
--- a/src/plan/global.rs
+++ b/src/plan/global.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use crate::util::metadata::side_metadata::SideMetadataSpec;
 use crate::util::options::Options;
 use crate::util::options::PlanSelector;
 use crate::util::statistics::stats::Stats;
-use crate::util::ObjectReference;
+use crate::util::{conversions, ObjectReference};
 use crate::util::{VMMutatorThread, VMWorkerThread};
 use crate::vm::*;
 use downcast_rs::Downcast;
@@ -252,10 +252,28 @@ pub trait Plan: 'static + Sync + Downcast {
     // work fine for non-copying plans. For copying plans, the plan should override any of these methods
     // if necessary.
 
-    /// Get the number of pages that are reserved, including used pages and pages that will
-    /// be used (e.g. for copying).
+    /// Get the number of pages that are reserved, including pages used by MMTk spaces, pages that
+    /// will be used (e.g. for copying), and live pages allocated outside MMTk spaces as reported
+    /// by the VM binding.
     fn get_reserved_pages(&self) -> usize {
-        self.get_used_pages() + self.get_collection_reserved_pages()
+        let used_pages = self.get_used_pages();
+        let collection_reserve = self.get_collection_reserved_pages();
+        let vm_live_bytes = <Self::VM as VMBinding>::VMCollection::vm_live_bytes();
+        // Note that `vm_live_bytes` may not be the exact number of bytes in whole pages.  The VM
+        // binding is allowed to return an approximate value if it is expensive or impossible to
+        // compute the exact number of pages occupied.
+        let vm_live_pages = conversions::bytes_to_pages_up(vm_live_bytes);
+        let total = used_pages + collection_reserve + vm_live_pages;
+
+        trace!(
+            "Reserved pages = {}, used pages: {}, collection reserve: {}, VM live pages: {}",
+            total,
+            used_pages,
+            collection_reserve,
+            vm_live_pages,
+        );
+
+        total
     }
 
     /// Get the total number of pages for the heap.
@@ -266,6 +284,9 @@ pub trait Plan: 'static + Sync + Downcast {
     /// Get the number of pages that are still available for use. The available pages
     /// should always be positive or 0.
     fn get_available_pages(&self) -> usize {
+        let reserved_pages = self.get_reserved_pages();
+        let total_pages = self.get_total_pages();
+
         // It is possible that the reserved pages is larger than the total pages so we are doing
         // a saturating subtraction to make sure we return a non-negative number.
         // For example,
@@ -274,15 +295,14 @@ pub trait Plan: 'static + Sync + Downcast {
         //    the reserved pages is larger than total pages after the copying GC (the reserved pages after a GC
         //    may be larger than the reserved pages before a GC, as we may end up using more memory for thread local
         //    buffers for copy allocators).
+        let available_pages = total_pages.saturating_sub(reserved_pages);
         trace!(
             "Total pages = {}, reserved pages = {}, available pages = {}",
-            self.get_total_pages(),
-            self.get_reserved_pages(),
-            self.get_reserved_pages()
-                .saturating_sub(self.get_reserved_pages())
+            total_pages,
+            reserved_pages,
+            available_pages,
         );
-        self.get_total_pages()
-            .saturating_sub(self.get_reserved_pages())
+        available_pages
     }
 
     /// Get the number of pages that are reserved for collection. By default, we return 0.
diff --git a/src/vm/collection.rs b/src/vm/collection.rs
index c552842945..9caf05ff6f 100644
--- a/src/vm/collection.rs
+++ b/src/vm/collection.rs
@@ -111,4 +111,38 @@ pub trait Collection<VM: VMBinding> {
     /// Arguments:
     /// * `tls_worker`: The thread pointer for the worker thread performing this call.
     fn post_forwarding(_tls: VMWorkerThread) {}
+
+    /// Return the amount of memory (in bytes) which the VM allocated outside the MMTk heap but
+    /// wants to include into the current MMTk heap size.  MMTk core will consider the reported
+    /// memory as part of MMTk heap for the purpose of heap size accounting.
+    ///
+    /// This amount should include memory that is kept alive by heap objects and can be released by
+    /// executing finalizers (or other language-specific cleaning-up routines) that are executed
+    /// when the heap objects are dead.  For example, if a language implementation allocates array
+    /// headers in the MMTk heap, but allocates their underlying buffers that hold the actual
+    /// elements using `malloc`, then those buffers should be included in this amount.  When the GC
+    /// finds such an array dead, its finalizer shall `free` the buffer and reduce this amount.
+    ///
+    /// If possible, the VM should account off-heap memory in pages.  That is, count the number of
+    /// pages occupied by off-heap objects, and report the number of bytes of those whole pages
+    /// instead of individual objects.  Because the underlying operating system manages memory at
+    /// page granularity, the occupied pages (instead of individual objects) determine the memory
+    /// footprint of a process, and how much memory MMTk spaces can obtain from the OS.
+    ///
+    /// However, if the VM is incapable of accounting off-heap memory in pages (for example, if the
+    /// VM uses `malloc` and the implementation of `malloc` is opaque to the VM), the VM binding
+    /// can simply return the total number of bytes of those off-heap objects as an approximation.
+    ///
+    /// # Performance note
+    ///
+    /// This function will be called when MMTk polls for GC.  It happens every time the MMTk
+    /// allocators have allocated a certain amount of memory, usually one or a few blocks.  Because
+    /// this function is called very frequently, its implementation must be efficient.  If it is
+    /// too expensive to compute the exact amount, an approximate value should be sufficient for
+    /// MMTk to trigger GC promptly in order to release off-heap memory, and keep the memory
+    /// footprint under control.
+    fn vm_live_bytes() -> usize {
+        // By default, MMTk assumes the amount of memory the VM allocates off-heap is negligible.
+        0
+    }
 }