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Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: pages/operators/chain-operators/tools/op-deployer.mdx
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@@ -129,19 +129,28 @@ op-deployer inspect l2-semvers --workdir .deployer <l2-chain-id> # outputs the s
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## Bootstrap usage
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You can also use `op-deployer` to deploy the contracts needed to run the `init`... `apply` flow on new chains. This process, called 'bootstrapping,' is useful when you want to use `op-deployer` with L3s, new testnets, or other custom settlement chains.
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The bootstrap commands are specialized tools primarily used for initializing a new superchain on an L1 network that hasn't previously hosted one.
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### OPCM bootstrap
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To deploy OPCM to a new chain, run the following command:
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### Available commands
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```bash
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op-deployer bootstrap opcm \
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--l1-rpc-url <mainnet-rpc-url> \
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--private-key <deployer-private-key> \
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--artifacts-locator tag://op-contracts/v1.6.0
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op-deployer bootstrap superchain
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op-deployer bootstrap implementations
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op-deployer bootstrap proxy
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```
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### Use cases
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The bootstrap commands are specifically designed for scenarios such as:
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* Setting up a superchain on a new EVM-compatible L1.
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* Initializing superchain contracts on a new Ethereum testnet (e.g., an alternative to Sepolia).
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* Creating the foundational infrastructure for a brand new superchain deployment.
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<Callouttype="info">
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For standard deployments and chain operations, use the [op-deployer `apply`](/operators/chain-operators/tools/op-deployer#apply) command.
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The bootstrap commands are specialized tools that will rarely be needed by most users.
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</Callout>
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## Next steps
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* For more details, check out the tool and documentation in the [op-deployer repository](https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/tree/develop/op-deployer/cmd/op-deployer).
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: pages/stack/interop/reorg.mdx
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# Interop reorg awareness
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[A chain reorganization, or “reorg”,](https://www.alchemy.com/overviews/what-is-a-reorg#what-happens-to-reorgs-after-the-merge) happens when validators disagree on the most accurate version of the blockchain.
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If not handled correctly, reorgs in a cross-chain context could result in a [double-spend problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-spending).
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[A chain reorganization, or "reorg",](https://www.alchemy.com/overviews/what-is-a-reorg#what-happens-to-reorgs-after-the-merge) happens when validators disagree on the most accurate version of the blockchain.
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If not handled correctly, reorgs in a cross-chain context could result in a [double-spend problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-spending).
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The most frequent solution to mitigate the double-spend problem is to wait for Ethereum finality; however, that solution results in high latency cross-chain communication and a poor user experience.
A double-spend problem occurs when the destination chain receives a valid initiating message, but due to issues on the source chain, such as a reorg, that initiating transaction is no longer valid.
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When that happens, the tokens are still on the source chain, but they are also on the destination chain.
A double-spend problem occurs when the destination chain receives a valid initiating message, but due to issues on the source chain, such as a reorg, that initiating transaction is no longer valid.
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When that happens, the tokens are still on the source chain, but they are also on the destination chain.
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</details>
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Most solutions to mitigate the double-spend problem rely on [L1 finality](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/#finality). However, that solution results in high latency and poor user experience.
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class A101,A102,A103,B302,B303 unsafe
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```
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In the diagram above, solid arrows are the derivation of a block from the previous block in the chain.
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In the diagram above, solid arrows are the derivation of a block from the previous block in the chain.
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Dotted arrows go from the block with the initiating message (the source) to the block with the executing message (the destination).
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Blocks can either be finalized (grey), cross-safe (green), or unsafe (red).
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Blockchain A has only written block A<sub>100</sub> to the blockchain.
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Blockchain A has only written block A<sub>100</sub> to the blockchain.
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As a result, block A<sub>101</sub> is unsafe, and so are all the blocks that depend on it, directly (A<sub>102</sub> and B<sub>302</sub>) or indirectly (A<sub>103</sub> and B<sub>303</sub>).
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Blocks B<sub>302</sub> and B<sub>303</sub> may be *local-safe* (if they are written to L1), but they cannot be *cross-safe* because they depend on a block that isn't.
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If all goes well, eventually A<sub>101</sub> will be written to L1, turn safe, and then the blocks that depend on it can become safe as well.
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Blocks B<sub>302</sub> and B<sub>303</sub> may be *local-safe* (if they are written to L1), but they cannot be *cross-safe* because they depend on a block that isn't.
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If all goes well, eventually A<sub>101</sub> will be written to L1, turn safe, and then the blocks that depend on it can become safe as well.
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The message between A<sub>101</sub> and B<sub>302</sub> can be an asset moving across the bridge.
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In that case, the initiating message (A<sub>101</sub>) burns `n` tokens on the source chain (A), and the executing message (B<sub>302</sub>) mints `n` tokens on the destination chain (B).
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Sequencers inform the rest of the Superchain about a new block in two ways:
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- The gossip protocol, which is typically used as soon as the block is created.
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The problem is that the gossip protocol does not create a commitment.
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- Posting to L1, which typically happens a few minutes after the block is created.
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The reason is cost, it is a lot cheaper if compression and L1 posting are done in large batches, rather than for each individual block.
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* The gossip protocol, which is typically used as soon as the block is created.
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The problem is that the gossip protocol does not create a commitment.
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* Posting to L1, which typically happens a few minutes after the block is created.
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The reason is cost, it is a lot cheaper if compression and L1 posting are done in large batches, rather than for each individual block.
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Equivocation happens when a sequencer publishes a block using the gossip protocol that is different from the one that eventually gets written to L1.
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In this case, the block that is written to L1 (let's call it A'<sub>101</sub>) is the valid one, and that causes every dependent block to be recalculated.
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If a block is invalid, even if it is posted on L1, the canonical chain replaces it with a block that only includes the deposit transactions, those transactions posted to L1.
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<details>
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<summary>What makes a block invalid?</summary>
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<summary>What makes a block invalid?</summary>
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There are several potential reasons:
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- The block posted to L1 includes incorrect information, for example because it relied on a node on a different blockchain for interop and that node reported incorrect information.
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- The block was never posted.
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After a timeout of twelve hours all the verifiers will assume that the block that should have been posted is a deposit-only block.
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There are several potential reasons:
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* The block posted to L1 includes incorrect information, for example because it relied on a node on a different blockchain for interop and that node reported incorrect information.
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* The block was never posted.
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After a timeout of twelve hours all the verifiers will assume that the block that should have been posted is a deposit-only block.
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</details>
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This is functionally equivalent to equivocation, and dealt with the same way, so it can change unsafe blocks but only those blocks.
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## Next steps
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- Build a [revolutionary app](/app-developers/get-started) that uses multiple blockchains within the Superchain.
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- Deploy a [SuperchainERC20](./tutorials/deploy-superchain-erc20) to the Superchain.
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- View more [interop tutorials](./tutorials).
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* Build a [revolutionary app](/app-developers/get-started) that uses multiple blockchains within the Superchain.
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* Deploy a [SuperchainERC20](./tutorials/deploy-superchain-erc20) to the Superchain.
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