diff --git a/docs/changelog/84838.yaml b/docs/changelog/84838.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..98a6a5ec22345
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/changelog/84838.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+pr: 84838
+summary: '`CompoundProcessor` should also catch exceptions when executing a processor'
+area: Ingest
+type: bug
+issues:
+ - 84781
diff --git a/modules/ingest-common/src/yamlRestTest/resources/rest-api-spec/test/ingest/90_simulate.yml b/modules/ingest-common/src/yamlRestTest/resources/rest-api-spec/test/ingest/90_simulate.yml
index 2224d56165fd3..5a0cf79688039 100644
--- a/modules/ingest-common/src/yamlRestTest/resources/rest-api-spec/test/ingest/90_simulate.yml
+++ b/modules/ingest-common/src/yamlRestTest/resources/rest-api-spec/test/ingest/90_simulate.yml
@@ -969,7 +969,6 @@ teardown:
 ---
 "Test simulate with provided pipeline that does not exist":
   - do:
-      catch: bad_request
       ingest.simulate:
         verbose: true
         body: >
@@ -990,5 +989,6 @@ teardown:
               }
             ]
           }
-  - match: { error.root_cause.0.type: "illegal_argument_exception" }
-  - match: { error.root_cause.0.reason: "Pipeline processor configured for non-existent pipeline [____pipeline_doesnot_exist___]" }
+  - match: { docs.0.processor_results.0.status: "error" }
+  - match: { docs.0.processor_results.0.error.root_cause.0.type: "illegal_argument_exception" }
+  - match: { docs.0.processor_results.0.error.root_cause.0.reason: "Pipeline processor configured for non-existent pipeline [____pipeline_doesnot_exist___]" }
diff --git a/server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/ingest/CompoundProcessor.java b/server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/ingest/CompoundProcessor.java
index 5e3410043ce03..c3aa709e2b36a 100644
--- a/server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/ingest/CompoundProcessor.java
+++ b/server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/ingest/CompoundProcessor.java
@@ -133,30 +133,47 @@ void innerExecute(int currentProcessor, IngestDocument ingestDocument, BiConsume
         final IngestMetric metric = processorWithMetric.v2();
         final long startTimeInNanos = relativeTimeProvider.getAsLong();
         metric.preIngest();
-        processor.execute(ingestDocument, (result, e) -> {
-            long ingestTimeInNanos = relativeTimeProvider.getAsLong() - startTimeInNanos;
-            metric.postIngest(ingestTimeInNanos);
+        try {
+            processor.execute(ingestDocument, (result, e) -> {
+                long ingestTimeInNanos = relativeTimeProvider.getAsLong() - startTimeInNanos;
+                metric.postIngest(ingestTimeInNanos);
 
-            if (e != null) {
-                metric.ingestFailed();
-                if (ignoreFailure) {
-                    innerExecute(currentProcessor + 1, ingestDocument, handler);
+                if (e != null) {
+                    executeOnFailure(currentProcessor, ingestDocument, handler, processor, metric, e);
                 } else {
-                    IngestProcessorException compoundProcessorException = newCompoundProcessorException(e, processor, ingestDocument);
-                    if (onFailureProcessors.isEmpty()) {
-                        handler.accept(null, compoundProcessorException);
+                    if (result != null) {
+                        innerExecute(currentProcessor + 1, result, handler);
                     } else {
-                        executeOnFailureAsync(0, ingestDocument, compoundProcessorException, handler);
+                        handler.accept(null, null);
                     }
                 }
+            });
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            long ingestTimeInNanos = relativeTimeProvider.getAsLong() - startTimeInNanos;
+            metric.postIngest(ingestTimeInNanos);
+            executeOnFailure(currentProcessor, ingestDocument, handler, processor, metric, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void executeOnFailure(
+        int currentProcessor,
+        IngestDocument ingestDocument,
+        BiConsumer<IngestDocument, Exception> handler,
+        Processor processor,
+        IngestMetric metric,
+        Exception e
+    ) {
+        metric.ingestFailed();
+        if (ignoreFailure) {
+            innerExecute(currentProcessor + 1, ingestDocument, handler);
+        } else {
+            IngestProcessorException compoundProcessorException = newCompoundProcessorException(e, processor, ingestDocument);
+            if (onFailureProcessors.isEmpty()) {
+                handler.accept(null, compoundProcessorException);
             } else {
-                if (result != null) {
-                    innerExecute(currentProcessor + 1, result, handler);
-                } else {
-                    handler.accept(null, null);
-                }
+                executeOnFailureAsync(0, ingestDocument, compoundProcessorException, handler);
             }
-        });
+        }
     }
 
     void executeOnFailureAsync(
diff --git a/server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/ingest/TrackingResultProcessor.java b/server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/ingest/TrackingResultProcessor.java
index b2e3f01d0fc74..54c8decc3da44 100644
--- a/server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/ingest/TrackingResultProcessor.java
+++ b/server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/ingest/TrackingResultProcessor.java
@@ -70,11 +70,23 @@ public void execute(IngestDocument ingestDocument, BiConsumer<IngestDocument, Ex
             IngestDocument ingestDocumentCopy = new IngestDocument(ingestDocument);
             Pipeline pipelineToCall = pipelineProcessor.getPipeline(ingestDocument);
             if (pipelineToCall == null) {
-                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                IllegalArgumentException e = new IllegalArgumentException(
                     "Pipeline processor configured for non-existent pipeline ["
                         + pipelineProcessor.getPipelineToCallName(ingestDocument)
                         + ']'
                 );
+                // Add error as processor result, otherwise this gets lost in SimulateExecutionService#execute(...) and
+                // an empty response gets returned by the ingest simulate api.
+                processorResultList.add(
+                    new SimulateProcessorResult(
+                        pipelineProcessor.getType(),
+                        pipelineProcessor.getTag(),
+                        pipelineProcessor.getDescription(),
+                        e,
+                        conditionalWithResult
+                    )
+                );
+                throw e;
             }
             ingestDocumentCopy.executePipeline(pipelineToCall, (result, e) -> {
                 // special handling for pipeline cycle errors
diff --git a/x-pack/plugin/enrich/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/enrich/BasicEnrichTests.java b/x-pack/plugin/enrich/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/enrich/BasicEnrichTests.java
index db806a3044ad0..6ce4624995c37 100644
--- a/x-pack/plugin/enrich/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/enrich/BasicEnrichTests.java
+++ b/x-pack/plugin/enrich/src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/xpack/enrich/BasicEnrichTests.java
@@ -360,6 +360,39 @@ public void testTemplating() throws Exception {
         assertThat(keys.contains(userEntry.get(MATCH_FIELD)), is(true));
     }
 
+    public void testFailureAfterEnrich() throws Exception {
+        List<String> keys = createSourceMatchIndex(1, 1);
+        String policyName = "my-policy";
+        EnrichPolicy enrichPolicy = new EnrichPolicy(
+            EnrichPolicy.MATCH_TYPE,
+            null,
+            Collections.singletonList(SOURCE_INDEX_NAME),
+            MATCH_FIELD,
+            Arrays.asList(DECORATE_FIELDS)
+        );
+        PutEnrichPolicyAction.Request request = new PutEnrichPolicyAction.Request(policyName, enrichPolicy);
+        client().execute(PutEnrichPolicyAction.INSTANCE, request).actionGet();
+        client().execute(ExecuteEnrichPolicyAction.INSTANCE, new ExecuteEnrichPolicyAction.Request(policyName)).actionGet();
+
+        // A pipeline with a foreach that uses a non existing field that is specified after enrich has run:
+        String pipelineName = "my-pipeline";
+        String pipelineBody = "{\"processors\": [{\"enrich\": {\"policy_name\":\""
+            + policyName
+            + "\", \"field\": \"email\", \"target_field\": \"users\"}},"
+            + "{ \"foreach\": {\"field\":\"users\", \"processor\":{\"append\":{\"field\":\"matched2\",\"value\":\"{{_ingest._value}}\"}}}}"
+            + "]}";
+        PutPipelineRequest putPipelineRequest = new PutPipelineRequest(pipelineName, new BytesArray(pipelineBody), XContentType.JSON);
+        client().admin().cluster().putPipeline(putPipelineRequest).actionGet();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+            IndexRequest indexRequest = new IndexRequest("my-index").id("1")
+                .setPipeline(pipelineName)
+                .source(mapOf(MATCH_FIELD, "non_existing"));
+            Exception e = expectThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> client().index(indexRequest).actionGet());
+            assertThat(e.getMessage(), equalTo("field [users] not present as part of path [users]"));
+        }
+    }
+
     private List<String> createSourceMatchIndex(int numKeys, int numDocsPerKey) {
         Set<String> keys = new HashSet<>();
         for (int id = 0; id < numKeys; id++) {