bpf: verifier (add branch/goto checks)

check that control flow graph of eBPF program is a directed acyclic graph

check_cfg() does:
- detect loops
- detect unreachable instructions
- check that program terminates with BPF_EXIT insn
- check that all branches are within program boundary

Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <[email protected]>

Author: Alexei Starovoitov

kernel/bpf/verifier.c

@@ -313,6 +313,191 @@ static struct bpf_map *ld_imm64_to_map_ptr(struct bpf_insn *insn)
 	return (struct bpf_map *) (unsigned long) imm64;
 }
 
+/* non-recursive DFS pseudo code
+ * 1  procedure DFS-iterative(G,v):
+ * 2      label v as discovered
+ * 3      let S be a stack
+ * 4      S.push(v)
+ * 5      while S is not empty
+ * 6            t <- S.pop()
+ * 7            if t is what we're looking for:
+ * 8                return t
+ * 9            for all edges e in G.adjacentEdges(t) do
+ * 10               if edge e is already labelled
+ * 11                   continue with the next edge
+ * 12               w <- G.adjacentVertex(t,e)
+ * 13               if vertex w is not discovered and not explored
+ * 14                   label e as tree-edge
+ * 15                   label w as discovered
+ * 16                   S.push(w)
+ * 17                   continue at 5
+ * 18               else if vertex w is discovered
+ * 19                   label e as back-edge
+ * 20               else
+ * 21                   // vertex w is explored
+ * 22                   label e as forward- or cross-edge
+ * 23           label t as explored
+ * 24           S.pop()
+ *
+ * convention:
+ * 0x10 - discovered
+ * 0x11 - discovered and fall-through edge labelled
+ * 0x12 - discovered and fall-through and branch edges labelled
+ * 0x20 - explored
+ */
+
+enum {
+	DISCOVERED = 0x10,
+	EXPLORED = 0x20,
+	FALLTHROUGH = 1,
+	BRANCH = 2,
+};
+
+static int *insn_stack;	/* stack of insns to process */
+static int cur_stack;	/* current stack index */
+static int *insn_state;
+
+/* t, w, e - match pseudo-code above:
+ * t - index of current instruction
+ * w - next instruction
+ * e - edge
+ */
+static int push_insn(int t, int w, int e, struct verifier_env *env)
+{
+	if (e == FALLTHROUGH && insn_state[t] >= (DISCOVERED | FALLTHROUGH))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (e == BRANCH && insn_state[t] >= (DISCOVERED | BRANCH))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (w < 0 || w >= env->prog->len) {
+		verbose("jump out of range from insn %d to %d\n", t, w);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	if (insn_state[w] == 0) {
+		/* tree-edge */
+		insn_state[t] = DISCOVERED | e;
+		insn_state[w] = DISCOVERED;
+		if (cur_stack >= env->prog->len)
+			return -E2BIG;
+		insn_stack[cur_stack++] = w;
+		return 1;
+	} else if ((insn_state[w] & 0xF0) == DISCOVERED) {
+		verbose("back-edge from insn %d to %d\n", t, w);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	} else if (insn_state[w] == EXPLORED) {
+		/* forward- or cross-edge */
+		insn_state[t] = DISCOVERED | e;
+	} else {
+		verbose("insn state internal bug\n");
+		return -EFAULT;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* non-recursive depth-first-search to detect loops in BPF program
+ * loop == back-edge in directed graph
+ */
+static int check_cfg(struct verifier_env *env)
+{
+	struct bpf_insn *insns = env->prog->insnsi;
+	int insn_cnt = env->prog->len;
+	int ret = 0;
+	int i, t;
+
+	insn_state = kcalloc(insn_cnt, sizeof(int), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!insn_state)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	insn_stack = kcalloc(insn_cnt, sizeof(int), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!insn_stack) {
+		kfree(insn_state);
+		return -ENOMEM;
+	}
+
+	insn_state[0] = DISCOVERED; /* mark 1st insn as discovered */
+	insn_stack[0] = 0; /* 0 is the first instruction */
+	cur_stack = 1;
+
+peek_stack:
+	if (cur_stack == 0)
+		goto check_state;
+	t = insn_stack[cur_stack - 1];
+
+	if (BPF_CLASS(insns[t].code) == BPF_JMP) {
+		u8 opcode = BPF_OP(insns[t].code);
+
+		if (opcode == BPF_EXIT) {
+			goto mark_explored;
+		} else if (opcode == BPF_CALL) {
+			ret = push_insn(t, t + 1, FALLTHROUGH, env);
+			if (ret == 1)
+				goto peek_stack;
+			else if (ret < 0)
+				goto err_free;
+		} else if (opcode == BPF_JA) {
+			if (BPF_SRC(insns[t].code) != BPF_K) {
+				ret = -EINVAL;
+				goto err_free;
+			}
+			/* unconditional jump with single edge */
+			ret = push_insn(t, t + insns[t].off + 1,
+					FALLTHROUGH, env);
+			if (ret == 1)
+				goto peek_stack;
+			else if (ret < 0)
+				goto err_free;
+		} else {
+			/* conditional jump with two edges */
+			ret = push_insn(t, t + 1, FALLTHROUGH, env);
+			if (ret == 1)
+				goto peek_stack;
+			else if (ret < 0)
+				goto err_free;
+
+			ret = push_insn(t, t + insns[t].off + 1, BRANCH, env);
+			if (ret == 1)
+				goto peek_stack;
+			else if (ret < 0)
+				goto err_free;
+		}
+	} else {
+		/* all other non-branch instructions with single
+		 * fall-through edge
+		 */
+		ret = push_insn(t, t + 1, FALLTHROUGH, env);
+		if (ret == 1)
+			goto peek_stack;
+		else if (ret < 0)
+			goto err_free;
+	}
+
+mark_explored:
+	insn_state[t] = EXPLORED;
+	if (cur_stack-- <= 0) {
+		verbose("pop stack internal bug\n");
+		ret = -EFAULT;
+		goto err_free;
+	}
+	goto peek_stack;
+
+check_state:
+	for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++) {
+		if (insn_state[i] != EXPLORED) {
+			verbose("unreachable insn %d\n", i);
+			ret = -EINVAL;
+			goto err_free;
+		}
+	}
+	ret = 0; /* cfg looks good */
+
+err_free:
+	kfree(insn_state);
+	kfree(insn_stack);
+	return ret;
+}
+
 /* look for pseudo eBPF instructions that access map FDs and
  * replace them with actual map pointers
  */
@@ -462,6 +647,10 @@ int bpf_check(struct bpf_prog *prog, union bpf_attr *attr)
 	if (ret < 0)
 		goto skip_full_check;
 
+	ret = check_cfg(env);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		goto skip_full_check;
+
 	/* ret = do_check(env); */
 
 skip_full_check: