diff --git a/src/samplers/gibbs.jl b/src/samplers/gibbs.jl
index 60a4534f86..fd793cc6b9 100644
--- a/src/samplers/gibbs.jl
+++ b/src/samplers/gibbs.jl
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ function sample(model::Function, alg::Gibbs)
 
         if isa(local_spl.alg, Hamiltonian)
           lp = realpart(getlogp(varInfo))
-          epsilon = local_spl.info[:ϵ][end]
+          epsilon = local_spl.info[:wum][:ϵ][end]
           lf_num = local_spl.info[:lf_num]
         end
       else
diff --git a/src/samplers/hmc.jl b/src/samplers/hmc.jl
index ce77d3e058..6e75f4f606 100644
--- a/src/samplers/hmc.jl
+++ b/src/samplers/hmc.jl
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ end
 #       it now reuses the one of HMCDA
 Sampler(alg::HMC) = begin
   spl = Sampler(HMCDA(alg.n_iters, 0, 0.0, alg.epsilon * alg.tau, alg.space, alg.gid))
-  spl.info[:ϵ] = [alg.epsilon]
+  spl.info[:pre_set_ϵ] = alg.epsilon
   spl
 end
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Sampler(alg::Hamiltonian) = begin
   info[:θ_mean] = nothing
   info[:θ_num] = 0
   info[:stds] = nothing
-  info[:θ_vars] = nothing
+  info[:vars] = nothing
 
   # For caching gradient
   info[:grad_cache] = Dict{Vector,Vector}()
@@ -118,7 +118,9 @@ function sample{T<:Hamiltonian}(model::Function, alg::T, chunk_size::Int)
   end
   println("  #lf / sample        = $(spl.info[:total_lf_num] / n);")
   println("  #evals / sample     = $(spl.info[:total_eval_num] / n);")
-  println("  pre-cond. diag mat  = $(spl.info[:stds]).")
+  stds_str = string(spl.info[:wum][:stds])
+  stds_str = length(stds_str) >= 32 ? stds_str[1:30]*"..." : stds_str
+  println("  pre-cond. diag mat  = $(stds_str).")
 
   global CHUNKSIZE = default_chunk_size
 
diff --git a/src/samplers/hmcda.jl b/src/samplers/hmcda.jl
index 0d8b69d7a2..5bfb042c7e 100644
--- a/src/samplers/hmcda.jl
+++ b/src/samplers/hmcda.jl
@@ -51,15 +51,15 @@ function step(model, spl::Sampler{HMCDA}, vi::VarInfo, is_first::Bool)
   if is_first
     if spl.alg.gid != 0 link!(vi, spl) end    # X -> R
 
-    init_pre_cond_parameters(vi, spl)
+    init_warm_up_params(vi, spl)
 
     ϵ = spl.alg.delta > 0 ?
         find_good_eps(model, vi, spl) :       # heuristically find optimal ϵ
-        spl.info[:ϵ][end]
+        spl.info[:pre_set_ϵ]
 
     if spl.alg.gid != 0 invlink!(vi, spl) end # R -> X
 
-    init_da_parameters(spl, ϵ)
+    update_da_params(spl.info[:wum], ϵ)
 
     push!(spl.info[:accept_his], true)
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ function step(model, spl::Sampler{HMCDA}, vi::VarInfo, is_first::Bool)
   else
     # Set parameters
     λ = spl.alg.lambda
-    ϵ = spl.info[:ϵ][end]; dprintln(2, "current ϵ: $ϵ")
+    ϵ = spl.info[:wum][:ϵ][end]; dprintln(2, "current ϵ: $ϵ")
 
     spl.info[:lf_num] = 0   # reset current lf num counter
 
@@ -95,15 +95,14 @@ function step(model, spl::Sampler{HMCDA}, vi::VarInfo, is_first::Bool)
     α = min(1, exp(-(H - old_H)))
 
     if ~(isdefined(Main, :IJulia) && Main.IJulia.inited) # Fix for Jupyter notebook.
+    stds_str = string(spl.info[:wum][:stds])
+    stds_str = length(stds_str) >= 32 ? stds_str[1:30]*"..." : stds_str
     haskey(spl.info, :progress) && ProgressMeter.update!(
                                      spl.info[:progress],
-                                     spl.info[:progress].counter; showvalues = [(:ϵ, ϵ), (:α, α), (:pre_cond, spl.info[:stds])]
+                                     spl.info[:progress].counter; showvalues = [(:ϵ, ϵ), (:α, α), (:pre_cond, stds_str)]
                                    )
     end
 
-    # Use Dual Averaging to adapt ϵ
-    adapt_step_size(spl, α, spl.alg.delta)
-
     dprintln(2, "decide wether to accept...")
     if rand() < α             # accepted
       push!(spl.info[:accept_his], true)
@@ -113,8 +112,8 @@ function step(model, spl::Sampler{HMCDA}, vi::VarInfo, is_first::Bool)
       setlogp!(vi, old_logp)  # reset logp
     end
 
-    # Update pre-conditioning matrix
-    update_pre_cond(vi, spl)
+    # Adapt step-size and pre-cond
+    adapt(spl.info[:wum], α, realpart(vi[spl]))
 
     dprintln(3, "R -> X...")
     if spl.alg.gid != 0 invlink!(vi, spl); cleandual!(vi) end
diff --git a/src/samplers/nuts.jl b/src/samplers/nuts.jl
index f3c0124d11..aeff2c3424 100644
--- a/src/samplers/nuts.jl
+++ b/src/samplers/nuts.jl
@@ -46,20 +46,20 @@ function step(model::Function, spl::Sampler{NUTS}, vi::VarInfo, is_first::Bool)
   if is_first
     if spl.alg.gid != 0 link!(vi, spl) end      # X -> R
 
-    init_pre_cond_parameters(vi, spl)
+    init_warm_up_params(vi, spl)
 
     ϵ = find_good_eps(model, vi, spl)           # heuristically find optimal ϵ
 
     if spl.alg.gid != 0 invlink!(vi, spl) end   # R -> X
 
-    init_da_parameters(spl, ϵ)
+    update_da_params(spl.info[:wum], ϵ)
 
     push!(spl.info[:accept_his], true)
 
     vi
   else
     # Set parameters
-    ϵ = spl.info[:ϵ][end]; dprintln(2, "current ϵ: $ϵ")
+    ϵ = spl.info[:wum][:ϵ][end]; dprintln(2, "current ϵ: $ϵ")
 
     spl.info[:lf_num] = 0   # reset current lf num counter
 
@@ -93,9 +93,12 @@ function step(model::Function, spl::Sampler{NUTS}, vi::VarInfo, is_first::Bool)
       end
 
       if ~(isdefined(Main, :IJulia) && Main.IJulia.inited) # Fix for Jupyter notebook.
-      haskey(spl.info, :progress) && ProgressMeter.update!(spl.info[:progress],
-                                  spl.info[:progress].counter;
-                                  showvalues = [(:ϵ, ϵ), (:tree_depth, j)])
+      stds_str = string(spl.info[:wum][:stds])
+      stds_str = length(stds_str) >= 32 ? stds_str[1:30]*"..." : stds_str
+      haskey(spl.info, :progress) && ProgressMeter.update!(
+                                       spl.info[:progress],
+                                       spl.info[:progress].counter; showvalues = [(:ϵ, ϵ), (:tree_depth, j), (:pre_cond, stds_str)]
+                                     )
       end
 
       if s′ == 1 && rand() < min(1, n′ / n)
@@ -108,15 +111,12 @@ function step(model::Function, spl::Sampler{NUTS}, vi::VarInfo, is_first::Bool)
       j = j + 1
     end
 
-    # Use Dual Averaging to adapt ϵ
-    adapt_step_size(spl, α / n_α, spl.alg.delta)
-
     push!(spl.info[:accept_his], true)
     vi[spl] = θ
     setlogp!(vi, logp)
 
-    # Update pre-conditioning matrix
-    update_pre_cond(vi, spl)
+    # Adapt step-size and pre-cond
+    adapt(spl.info[:wum], α / n_α, realpart(vi[spl]))
 
     dprintln(3, "R -> X...")
     if spl.alg.gid != 0 invlink!(vi, spl); cleandual!(vi) end
diff --git a/src/samplers/sampler.jl b/src/samplers/sampler.jl
index b96c8f88a3..09fdef07e3 100644
--- a/src/samplers/sampler.jl
+++ b/src/samplers/sampler.jl
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ include("support/resample.jl")
 end
 include("support/hmc_core.jl")
 include("support/adapt.jl")
+include("support/init.jl")
 include("hmcda.jl")
 include("nuts.jl")
 include("hmc.jl")
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ assume(spl::Void, dist::Distribution, vn::VarName, vi::VarInfo) = begin
   if haskey(vi, vn)
     r = vi[vn]
   else
-    r = rand(dist)
+    r = init(dist)
     push!(vi, vn, r, dist, 0)
   end
   acclogp!(vi, logpdf(dist, r, istrans(vi, vn)))
diff --git a/src/samplers/support/adapt.jl b/src/samplers/support/adapt.jl
index a6565427a7..3b604057db 100644
--- a/src/samplers/support/adapt.jl
+++ b/src/samplers/support/adapt.jl
@@ -1,60 +1,123 @@
-adapt_step_size{T<:Hamiltonian}(spl::Sampler{T}, stats::Float64, δ::Float64) = begin
+type WarmUpManager
+  iter_n    ::    Int
+  state     ::    Int
+  params    ::    Dict
+end
+
+getindex(wum::WarmUpManager, param) = wum.params[param]
+
+setindex!(wum::WarmUpManager, value, param) = wum.params[param] = value
+
+init_warm_up_params{T<:Hamiltonian}(vi::VarInfo, spl::Sampler{T}) = begin
+  wum = WarmUpManager(1, 1, Dict())
+
+  # Pre-cond
+  wum[:θ_num] = 0
+  wum[:θ_mean] = nothing
+  D = length(vi[spl])
+  wum[:stds] = ones(D)
+  wum[:vars] = ones(D)
+
+  # DA
+  wum[:ϵ] = nothing
+  wum[:μ] = nothing
+  wum[:ϵ_bar] = 1.0
+  wum[:H_bar] = 0.0
+  wum[:m] = 0
+  wum[:n_adapt] = spl.alg.n_adapt
+  wum[:δ] = spl.alg.delta
+
+  spl.info[:wum] = wum
+end
+
+update_da_params(wum::WarmUpManager, ϵ::Float64) = begin
+  wum[:ϵ] = [ϵ]
+  wum[:μ] = log(10 * ϵ)
+end
+
+adapt_step_size(wum::WarmUpManager, stats::Float64) = begin
   dprintln(2, "adapting step size ϵ...")
-  m = spl.info[:m] += 1
-  if m <= spl.alg.n_adapt
-    γ = 0.05; t_0 = 10; κ = 0.75
-    μ = spl.info[:μ]; ϵ_bar = spl.info[:ϵ_bar]; H_bar = spl.info[:H_bar]
+  m = wum[:m] += 1
+  if m <= wum[:n_adapt]
+    γ = 0.05; t_0 = 10; κ = 0.75; δ = wum[:δ]
+    μ = wum[:μ]; ϵ_bar = wum[:ϵ_bar]; H_bar = wum[:H_bar]
 
     H_bar = (1 - 1 / (m + t_0)) * H_bar + 1 / (m + t_0) * (δ - stats)
     ϵ = exp(μ - sqrt(m) / γ * H_bar)
     dprintln(1, " ϵ = $ϵ, stats = $stats")
 
     ϵ_bar = exp(m^(-κ) * log(ϵ) + (1 - m^(-κ)) * log(ϵ_bar))
-    push!(spl.info[:ϵ], ϵ)
-    spl.info[:ϵ_bar], spl.info[:H_bar] = ϵ_bar, H_bar
+    push!(wum[:ϵ], ϵ)
+    wum[:ϵ_bar], wum[:H_bar] = ϵ_bar, H_bar
 
-    if m == spl.alg.n_adapt
+    if m == wum[:n_adapt]
       dprintln(0, " Adapted ϵ = $ϵ, $m HMC iterations is used for adaption.")
     end
   end
 end
 
-init_da_parameters{T<:Hamiltonian}(spl::Sampler{T}, ϵ::Float64) = begin
-  spl.info[:ϵ] = [ϵ]
-  spl.info[:μ] = log(10 * ϵ)
-  spl.info[:ϵ_bar] = 1.0
-  spl.info[:H_bar] = 0.0
-  spl.info[:m] = 0
-end
+update_pre_cond(wum::WarmUpManager, θ_new) = begin
+
+  wum[:θ_num] += 1                                      # θ_new = x_t
+  t = wum[:θ_num]                                       # t
 
-update_pre_cond{T<:Hamiltonian}(vi::VarInfo, spl::Sampler{T}) = begin
-  θ_new = realpart(vi[spl])                                         # x_t
-  spl.info[:θ_num] += 1
-  t = spl.info[:θ_num]                                              # t
-  θ_mean_old = copy(spl.info[:θ_mean])                              # x_bar_t-1
-  spl.info[:θ_mean] = (t - 1) / t * spl.info[:θ_mean] + θ_new / t   # x_bar_t
-  θ_mean_new = spl.info[:θ_mean]                                    # x_bar_t
-
-  if t == 2
-    first_two = [θ_mean_old'; θ_new'] # θ_mean_old here only contains the first θ
-    spl.info[:θ_vars] = diag(cov(first_two))
-  elseif t <= 1000
-    D = length(θ_new)
-    # D = 2.4^2
-    spl.info[:θ_vars] = (t - 1) / t * spl.info[:θ_vars] .+ 100 * eps(Float64) +
-                        (2.4^2 / D) / t * (t * θ_mean_old .* θ_mean_old - (t + 1) * θ_mean_new .* θ_mean_new + θ_new .* θ_new)
+  if t == 1
+    wum[:θ_mean] = θ_new
+  else
+    θ_mean_old = copy(wum[:θ_mean])                       # x_bar_t-1
+    wum[:θ_mean] = (t - 1) / t * wum[:θ_mean] + θ_new / t # x_bar_t
+    θ_mean_new = wum[:θ_mean]                             # x_bar_t
+
+    if t == 2
+      first_two = [θ_mean_old'; θ_new'] # θ_mean_old here only contains the first θ
+      wum[:vars] = diag(cov(first_two))
+    else#if t <= 1000
+      D = length(θ_new)
+      # D = 2.4^2
+      wum[:vars] = (t - 1) / t * wum[:vars] .+ 100 * eps(Float64) +
+                          (2.4^2 / D) / t * (t * θ_mean_old .* θ_mean_old - (t + 1) * θ_mean_new .* θ_mean_new + θ_new .* θ_new)
+    end
+
+    if t > 100
+      wum[:stds] = sqrt(wum[:vars])
+      wum[:stds] = wum[:stds] / min(wum[:stds]...)
+    end
   end
+end
+
+update_state(wum::WarmUpManager) = begin
+  wum.iter_n += 1   # update iteration number
 
-  if t > 500
-    spl.info[:stds] = sqrt(spl.info[:θ_vars])
-    spl.info[:stds] = spl.info[:stds] / min(spl.info[:stds]...)
+  # Update state
+  if wum.state == 1
+    if wum.iter_n > 100
+      wum.state = 2
+    end
+  elseif wum.state == 2
+    if wum.iter_n > 900
+      wum.state = 3
+    end
+  elseif wum.state == 3
+    if wum.iter_n > 1000
+      wum.state = 4
+    end
+  elseif wum.state == 4
+    # no more change
+  else
+    error("[Turing.WarmUpManager] unknown state $(wum.state)")
   end
 end
 
-init_pre_cond_parameters{T<:Hamiltonian}(vi::VarInfo, spl::Sampler{T}) = begin
-  spl.info[:θ_mean] = realpart(vi[spl])
-  spl.info[:θ_num] = 1
-  D = length(vi[spl])
-  spl.info[:stds] = ones(D)
-  spl.info[:θ_vars] = nothing
+adapt(wum::WarmUpManager, stats::Float64, θ_new) = begin
+  update_state(wum)
+
+  # Use Dual Averaging to adapt ϵ
+  if wum.state in [1, 2, 3]
+    adapt_step_size(wum, stats)
+  end
+
+  # Update pre-conditioning matrix
+  if wum.state == 2
+    update_pre_cond(wum, θ_new)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/src/samplers/support/hmc_core.jl b/src/samplers/support/hmc_core.jl
index 1c99e7fb9f..c4bcff17b9 100644
--- a/src/samplers/support/hmc_core.jl
+++ b/src/samplers/support/hmc_core.jl
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ end
 
 sample_momentum(vi::VarInfo, spl::Sampler) = begin
   dprintln(2, "sampling momentum...")
-  randn(length(getranges(vi, spl))) .* spl.info[:stds]
+  randn(length(getranges(vi, spl))) .* spl.info[:wum][:stds]
 end
 
 # Leapfrog step
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ find_H(p::Vector, model::Function, vi::VarInfo, spl::Sampler) = begin
   #       This can be a result of link/invlink (where expand! is used)
   if getlogp(vi) == 0 vi = runmodel(model, vi, spl) end
 
-  p_orig = p ./ spl.info[:stds]
+  p_orig = p ./ spl.info[:wum][:stds]
 
   H = dot(p_orig, p_orig) / 2 + realpart(-getlogp(vi))
   if isnan(H) H = Inf else H end
diff --git a/src/samplers/support/init.jl b/src/samplers/support/init.jl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b380b1b66a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/samplers/support/init.jl
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# Only use customized initialization for transformable distributions
+init(dist::TransformDistribution) = inittrans(dist)
+
+# Callbacks for un-transformable distributions
+init(dist::Distribution) = rand(dist)
+
+# Uniform rand with range
+randuni() = e * rand()  # may Euler's number give us good luck
+
+inittrans(dist::UnivariateDistribution) = begin
+  r = Real(randuni())
+
+  r = invlink(dist, r)
+
+  r
+end
+
+inittrans(dist::MultivariateDistribution) = begin
+  D = size(dist)[1]
+
+  r = Vector{Real}(D)
+  for d = 1:D
+    r[d] = randuni()
+  end
+
+  r = invlink(dist, r)
+
+  r
+end
+
+inittrans(dist::MatrixDistribution) = begin
+  D = size(dist)
+
+  r = Matrix{Real}(D...)
+  for d1 = 1:D, d2 = 1:D
+    r[d1,d2] = randuni()
+  end
+
+  r = invlink(dist, r)
+
+  r
+end